暖通空調系統節能怎樣設計？

來(lai)源：建科 瀏覽：- 發布日期(qi)：2016-12-26 09:34:53

我國經濟的迅速發展，相應促進了能源需求的急劇擴大。從我國2010年開始，耗能問題也開始加劇，逐漸成為了世界上第一耗能的國家。作為發展中國家，我國的社會經濟及科學技術等都在高速發展中，但能源有效利用率的整體偏低，使得能源浪費情況較為嚴重，一定程度上阻礙了我國經濟的可持續發展。對此，民用建筑暖通空調系統的節能建筑設計也(ye)尤為迫切(qie)。提高(gao)能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)利用率，優化(hua)資源(yuan)配置，是實(shi)現解(jie)決(jue)我國耗能(neng)問(wen)題的(de)根本所在。

1、目前能耗現狀

我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是資(zi)源(yuan)大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)(ye)是耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，由(you)于(yu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)源(yuan)分布不(bu)均，人均占有(you)資(zi)源(yuan)量(liang)少，因此(ci)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)利用原本就是非(fei)(fei)常(chang)突出的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，加(jia)(jia)之工(gong)業(ye)化進程的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)快，我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)問(wen)題(ti)不(bu)僅沒有(you)解決(jue)，甚至還呈現(xian)(xian)出越發嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。從(cong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)產業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)來(lai)(lai)看(kan)，工(gong)業(ye)是耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)最為嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)產業(ye)，而(er)建筑行業(ye)與工(gong)業(ye)相(xiang)比，雖然(ran)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)較(jiao)低，但是由(you)于(yu)工(gong)業(ye)產品(pin)大量(liang)在(zai)建筑施工(gong)應(ying)用，從(cong)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)個角(jiao)度來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)，也(ye)(ye)是耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)體現(xian)(xian)，在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定程度上也(ye)(ye)加(jia)(jia)劇(ju)了(le)(le)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)問(wen)題(ti)。而(er)在(zai)建筑工(gong)程中(zhong)，耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)比例最大的(de)(de)就是空(kong)(kong)調(diao)暖通(tong)(tong)系統，從(cong)世(shi)界(jie)范圍(wei)來(lai)(lai)看(kan)，暖通(tong)(tong)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)都是非(fei)(fei)常(chang)棘手的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，為了(le)(le)能(neng)(neng)夠找到有(you)效解決(jue)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)方法，實現(xian)(xian)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)可(ke)持(chi)續發展(zhan)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政府和相(xiang)關部門(men)多年來(lai)(lai)一(yi)(yi)直非(fei)(fei)常(chang)努力，同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)(ye)出臺(tai)了(le)(le)很多相(xiang)關的(de)(de)政策規范，即便(bian)如此(ci)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建筑行業(ye)暖通(tong)(tong)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系統的(de)(de)節能(neng)(neng)問(wen)題(ti)也(ye)(ye)無法在(zai)短時(shi)間(jian)內(nei)得(de)到解決(jue)。

2、民用建筑暖通空調系統節能設計分析

民用建(jian)筑暖通空調(diao)系統的節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)主(zhu)要從(cong)兩方面進行優(you)化。一方面，應當在(zai)規劃建(jian)筑設(she)(she)計(ji)時(shi)，充分(fen)考慮到(dao)當地自(zi)然(ran)環(huan)(huan)境，以科(ke)學合理的布局(ju)，全面考慮地質(zhi)環(huan)(huan)境、大氣環(huan)(huan)流(liu)、陽光照射等(deng)自(zi)然(ran)因素(su)，從(cong)而降低能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗。另一方面，可以通過優(you)化建(jian)筑結構提高(gao)其保溫調(diao)節(jie)(jie)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)，降低能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的冷熱損失。包(bao)括(kuo)控(kong)制(zhi)窗戶(hu)和墻體比例、提高(gao)墻體隔(ge)熱恒溫性能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)等(deng)。

2.1采暖與空調冷凍水系統的設計

在設(she)計采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，應該(gai)盡量(liang)保證空調管(guan)路(lu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)結構簡單(dan)化(hua)，方便(bian)操作，有效降(jiang)低相關設(she)備的(de)能源(yuan)消耗，在建筑建設(she)前(qian)期就有效降(jiang)低完工后的(de)維(wei)護費用;保障建筑內不(bu)同(tong)空間之間的(de)調溫(wen)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)獨立運(yun)行;熱量(liang)消耗分戶平攤等(deng)等(deng)多(duo)方面原則(ze)。目前(qian)多(duo)采(cai)(cai)用下(xia)供下(xia)回垂直(zhi)雙(shuang)(shuang)管(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作為采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)主要形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，此(ci)外，也(ye)包含了上供下(xia)回垂直(zhi)雙(shuang)(shuang)管(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、水平式(shi)雙(shuang)(shuang)管(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)高層建筑豎向分區供暖(nuan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，根據(ju)實際情(qing)況選擇相應的(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。在設(she)計冷凍水系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，結合國家規(gui)定，遵循負荷變化(hua)同(tong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)的(de)自動調整相適應的(de)基(ji)本原則(ze)，降(jiang)低系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)行時(shi)的(de)能源(yuan)消耗。一(yi)般(ban)多(duo)采(cai)(cai)用同(tong)一(yi)次泵(beng)變流(liu)(liu)量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，當(dang)然也(ye)包含了一(yi)次泵(beng)定流(liu)(liu)量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、二次泵(beng)變流(liu)(liu)量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)兩管(guan)或(huo)四(si)管(guan)制系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等(deng)個(ge)種(zhong)類(lei)，同(tong)樣(yang)需(xu)要結合實際情(qing)況進行選擇。

2.2采暖與空調水系統的補水和定壓等方面設計

一般(ban)來(lai)說，需要根據采暖及(ji)空調(diao)水系(xi)(xi)統在單位時間內的(de)泄漏(lou)量，確定(ding)補水管道的(de)規格、補水量的(de)數值(zhi)乃(nai)至水泵水箱等(deng)設(she)備(bei)的(de)規格。實(shi)(shi)際設(she)計時，應(ying)該考慮到空調(diao)整體(ti)系(xi)(xi)統規模乃(nai)至各(ge)類系(xi)(xi)統的(de)不(bu)同實(shi)(shi)現形式，結合系(xi)(xi)統用水容量確定(ding)最終(zhong)數值(zhi)。

通常，以供(gong)(gong)冷(leng)和采(cai)(cai)用換熱供(gong)(gong)暖(nuan)的空(kong)氣(qi)調(diao)(diao)節形式時，若(ruo)(ruo)為(wei)全(quan)空(kong)氣(qi)系統，則單位水(shui)(shui)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)多確定(ding)在0.5左右(偏(pian)差(cha)在0.1以內);若(ruo)(ruo)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)空(kong)氣(qi)系統，則單位水(shui)(shui)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)多確定(ding)在1.0左右(偏(pian)差(cha)在0.3以內)。若(ruo)(ruo)供(gong)(gong)暖(nuan)采(cai)(cai)用熱水(shui)(shui)鍋爐，全(quan)空(kong)氣(qi)系統情況下，單位水(shui)(shui)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)取(qu)1.3-2.0以內;水(shui)(shui)空(kong)氣(qi)系統則取(qu)值(zhi)在1.2-1.9以內。此外，若(ruo)(ruo)為(wei)封閉式采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)空(kong)調(diao)(diao)系統，那么(me)其補水(shui)(shui)定(ding)壓點的選擇，應該(gai)在循環水(shui)(shui)泵入口。

2.3風系統的設計

風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)，包(bao)含了(le)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調自(zi)身(shen)(shen)風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)各個部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調自(zi)身(shen)(shen)風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)，首先(xian)應(ying)當(dang)遵循我國(guo)規定，在嚴格控(kong)制室(shi)內(nei)(nei)二氧化碳濃(nong)度(du)基礎上，對風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進行(xing)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)。若建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)內(nei)(nei)人員分(fen)(fen)布(bu)為集(ji)中式(shi)，則(ze)使用(yong)集(ji)中供(gong)暖(nuan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong);若建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)內(nei)(nei)人員較(jiao)多(duo)且建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規模又較(jiao)大，人員分(fen)(fen)布(bu)較(jiao)散時(shi)，則(ze)可(ke)(ke)以使用(yong)全空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong);若建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)高度(du)較(jiao)大，還可(ke)(ke)以在基礎上，合理應(ying)用(yong)分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)式(shi)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)，是為了(le)保障(zhang)電(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備的(de)散熱性(xing)能以促進其穩定運(yun)(yun)行(xing)，更是為了(le)保障(zhang)室(shi)內(nei)(nei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)的(de)健康無害(hai)。既關系(xi)(xi)(xi)著(zhu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)正常運(yun)(yun)行(xing)，又間接影響著(zhu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)節能性(xing)能。集(ji)中式(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)排風(feng)(feng)與(yu)熱回收功(gong)能設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)乃(nai)至(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)備的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)，應(ying)先(xian)符合國(guo)家(jia)節能相應(ying)原則(ze)為基礎，針對部(bu)分(fen)(fen)不(bu)需要嚴格環境通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)，可(ke)(ke)沿用(yong)自(zi)然通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，從而減(jian)少暖(nuan)通(tong)(tong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)整體能源消耗。

2.4冷熱源設備的選擇

在選擇(ze)冷(leng)熱(re)(re)源設(she)(she)備型號(hao)時，一方面(mian)需要(yao)考(kao)慮到(dao)建筑的整體功能(neng)、規模大(da)小乃(nai)至造價(jia)等(deng)(deng)(deng)因(yin)素;另(ling)一方面(mian)需要(yao)對(dui)當(dang)(dang)(dang)地的能(neng)源結構(gou)、環(huan)(huan)境、氣(qi)候(hou)等(deng)(deng)(deng)多(duo)方面(mian)因(yin)素進行(xing)分析。如(ru)果當(dang)(dang)(dang)地存在區(qu)域供(gong)熱(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統或工(gong)廠余熱(re)(re)等(deng)(deng)(deng)基(ji)礎，可以沿用(yong)到(dao)空(kong)調熱(re)(re)原系(xi)(xi)統中;若當(dang)(dang)(dang)地具(ju)有(you)完善的天(tian)然氣(qi)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)系(xi)(xi)統，則(ze)需要(yao)考(kao)慮當(dang)(dang)(dang)地的電(dian)力(li)峰谷期，利(li)用(yong)天(tian)然氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)統進行(xing)配(pei)(pei)合(he)，供(gong)熱(re)(re)使用(yong)電(dian)力(li)，供(gong)冷(leng)則(ze)使用(yong)兩種能(neng)源系(xi)(xi)統配(pei)(pei)合(he)，從(cong)而(er)提(ti)高(gao)能(neng)源有(you)效利(li)用(yong)率;若區(qu)域內能(neng)源形(xing)式較復雜(za)，相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的可以采用(yong)復合(he)式能(neng)源冷(leng)熱(re)(re)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)系(xi)(xi)統;此外，針對(dui)區(qu)域內的水資源、地熱(re)(re)資源以及生(sheng)活廢氣(qi)熱(re)(re)水等(deng)(deng)(deng)有(you)效能(neng)源，均可以合(he)理進行(xing)回收再利(li)用(yong)，從(cong)而(er)在提(ti)高(gao)其(qi)使用(yong)率的同時，減少(shao)環(huan)(huan)境污染，并有(you)效節省(sheng)相(xiang)(xiang)關設(she)(she)備的資金。

2.5可再生式能源的選用

目前(qian)較為常用的資源(yuan)包含風能(neng)(neng)(neng)和太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)兩個組成(cheng)部(bu)分。風能(neng)(neng)(neng)多用于(yu)供(gong)冷(leng)(leng)，是(shi)暖通(tong)空(kong)調節能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)計的重(zhong)要環(huan)節。通(tong)過利用室(shi)內與室(shi)外環(huan)境的溫差，從而使用風能(neng)(neng)(neng)所帶(dai)的自然冷(leng)(leng)量(liang)，滿足室(shi)內供(gong)冷(leng)(leng)需求。多使用夜間通(tong)風蓄冷(leng)(leng)及新風直(zhi)接供(gong)冷(leng)(leng)等方式(shi)(shi)。該設(she)計用電量(liang)少，對(dui)環(huan)境友好(hao)，且能(neng)(neng)(neng)有效提高(gao)室(shi)內空(kong)氣(qi)環(huan)境。太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)民用建筑暖通(tong)空(kong)調的制冷(leng)(leng)供(gong)暖方面(mian)均可(ke)以(yi)加以(yi)利用，主(zhu)要又(you)分為被動式(shi)(shi)和主(zhu)動式(shi)(shi)。在(zai)(zai)供(gong)暖方面(mian)，可(ke)以(yi)將使用主(zhu)動式(shi)(shi)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)收(shou)集設(she)施，利用太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)對(dui)管(guan)道內的水進行加熱并在(zai)(zai)室(shi)內循環(huan)實現供(gong)熱，目前(qian)熱管(guan)式(shi)(shi)真(zhen)空(kong)管(guan)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)集熱器為太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)的采(cai)暖奠定(ding)了良

好(hao)基礎(chu)，具(ju)有溫度高、承受(shou)壓(ya)(ya)力大、耐(nai)久性能好(hao)等諸(zhu)多優(you)點。在(zai)太陽(yang)能制(zhi)冷方(fang)面，則主要利用太陽(yang)能與電能之間的(de)互相轉換(huan)，再(zai)使用電能帶動驅(qu)動壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)制(zhi)冷系(xi)統(tong)的(de)運行(xing)。以太陽(yang)能作為(wei)熱源(yuan)的(de)吸(xi)收式制(zhi)冷系(xi)統(tong)，則主要利用太陽(yang)能帶動溴化鋰溶液反應進行(xing)制(zhi)冷。

結語

實現資(zi)源的(de)優化(hua)(hua)配置，是我國可持(chi)續(xu)發展理(li)念(nian)中(zhong)一個(ge)重要部分，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消耗(hao)是阻(zu)礙(ai)的(de)資(zi)源優化(hua)(hua)的(de)重要因(yin)(yin)素。為了將各個(ge)領域的(de)耗(hao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)問題降(jiang)到(dao)(dao)最(zui)低，在(zai)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)上就(jiu)應(ying)(ying)該嚴(yan)格把關(guan)(guan)(guan)。從耗(hao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)結構上來看，暖(nuan)通空(kong)調(diao)耗(hao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是目前(qian)耗(hao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)最(zui)為嚴(yan)重的(de)，針對建筑(zhu)中(zhong)暖(nuan)通空(kong)調(diao)的(de)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，因(yin)(yin)此越發受(shou)到(dao)(dao)人們的(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)注。暖(nuan)通空(kong)調(diao)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)是一項內(nei)容復雜的(de)工(gong)(gong)作，所(suo)包括(kuo)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)緩(huan)解(jie)眾(zhong)多，科(ke)學合理(li)的(de)計(ji)(ji)算、溫度控制(zhi)以及設(she)(she)備選型都(dou)是影響設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)科(ke)學性的(de)因(yin)(yin)素。民(min)用(yong)建筑(zhu)暖(nuan)通空(kong)調(diao)的(de)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)需要考(kao)慮到(dao)(dao)多方(fang)面因(yin)(yin)素，與建筑(zhu)整(zheng)體能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)密(mi)切相關(guan)(guan)(guan)。在(zai)實際(ji)工(gong)(gong)作當中(zhong)，還應(ying)(ying)當結合相關(guan)(guan)(guan)規定及國內(nei)先進(jin)技術對節能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)案進(jin)行全面優化(hua)(hua)，從而提高系統性能(neng)(neng)(neng)，實現可持(chi)續(xu)化(hua)(hua)發展。