高層建筑設計中降低能耗的方法

來源：建(jian)科 瀏覽：- 發布日(ri)期：2022-08-30 09:52:45

為了深入貫徹落實可持續發展的戰略，高層建筑設計應(ying)加深對綠色低碳(tan)理念的(de)(de)理解(jie)。建筑節能(neng)設計時應(ying)充分(fen)利用可循環的(de)(de)資(zi)源，分(fen)析建筑能(neng)耗形成的(de)(de)原(yuan)因，通(tong)過合理的(de)(de)優化(hua)設計達到降低能(neng)耗的(de)(de)效果。

1、注(zhu)重自然采(cai)光(guang)

高(gao)層(ceng)建筑(zhu)的(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然采(cai)(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)必須要足夠(gou)重視，不能(neng)僅僅依(yi)靠人工光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源進(jin)行采(cai)(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)。主(zhu)要是(shi)因(yin)為采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)人工光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源會對(dui)人們的(de)感受(shou)產生(sheng)影響，如(ru)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線溫(wen)度會產生(sheng)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)人體(ti)感受(shou)與(yu)反(fan)應。而不同(tong)(tong)季節(jie)(jie)、時(shi)間、環境(jing)下的(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然采(cai)(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)不但能(neng)夠(gou)實(shi)(shi)現良好的(de)室內照明，而且(qie)能(neng)夠(gou)獲(huo)得(de)遠超人造(zao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源的(de)舒適度，在(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)現室內照明的(de)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)營(ying)造(zao)良好的(de)室內藝術空間與(yu)氛(fen)圍。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)有效進(jin)行自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然采(cai)(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)可以(yi)大幅降低采(cai)(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)電(dian)能(neng)消耗。自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源屬于可再(zai)生(sheng)的(de)清潔(jie)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源，自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然采(cai)(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)降低照明消耗，實(shi)(shi)現建筑(zhu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)達(da)到綠色建筑(zhu)標(biao)準方(fang)面發揮著(zhu)較為重要的(de)作用(yong)。但是(shi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)有效使用(yong)需要與(yu)城市規劃(hua)(hua)相(xiang)結合(he)，在(zai)(zai)進(jin)行各個(ge)地區(qu)的(de)規劃(hua)(hua)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)過程(cheng)中，需要對(dui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然采(cai)(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)予以(yi)高(gao)度重視，有效平衡整(zheng)體(ti)規劃(hua)(hua)與(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然采(cai)(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)需求(qiu)。

2、節能(neng)參數優化

當(dang)前我國城市中的(de)(de)(de)(de)超(chao)高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)項目(mu)日益增多，但(dan)在前期的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)節能(neng)(neng)優化(hua)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)階段存(cun)在一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)足。在開展節能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時，應(ying)當(dang)充分考(kao)慮自(zi)然條(tiao)件(jian)。區(qu)別(bie)于一(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，超(chao)高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)空(kong)往往超(chao)過(guo)100m，其(qi)高(gao)空(kong)環境(jing)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)象參(can)數存(cun)在較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)確(que)定(ding)性(xing)與(yu)變動，但(dan)不(bu)(bu)少設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)人員未對超(chao)高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)空(kong)環境(jing)與(yu)高(gao)度(du)(du)因素進行全面考(kao)量，未能(neng)(neng)合理預估風速影響(xiang)(xiang)、氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)降低、太陽(yang)輻射等影響(xiang)(xiang)，導(dao)致優化(hua)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時出現(xian)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)參(can)數缺失或計(ji)(ji)算錯漏情況(kuang)。現(xian)階段，較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)模擬軟(ruan)件(jian)在測定(ding)當(dang)地自(zi)然環境(jing)參(can)數變化(hua)曲線方(fang)面也(ye)存(cun)在不(bu)(bu)同程度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷，計(ji)(ji)算結(jie)果失真、不(bu)(bu)準(zhun)確(que)現(xian)象較為(wei)常見。由此(ci)導(dao)致無法精確(que)預估超(chao)高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表面熱交換能(neng)(neng)力，內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力消耗情況(kuang)也(ye)存(cun)在偏(pian)差，最終造(zao)成超(chao)高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內部機電系統(tong)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)、通風與(yu)空(kong)調系統(tong)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)等存(cun)在針對性(xing)不(bu)(bu)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。顧名思義，對于超(chao)高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)而(er)言，高(gao)度(du)(du)是(shi)其(qi)區(qu)別(bie)于常規(gui)(gui)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最顯著的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。在設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時，應(ying)將高(gao)度(du)(du)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)核心理念作為(wei)節能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首要因素，充分掌握建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)當(dang)地區(qu)域高(gao)空(kong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)、濕度(du)(du)變化(hua)特點以及四季氣(qi)候更替規(gui)(gui)律，正確(que)設(she)(she)置模擬軟(ruan)件(jian)參(can)數，從而(er)計(ji)(ji)算得出符合客(ke)觀條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)超(chao)高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)環境(jing)影響(xiang)(xiang)曲線，以此(ci)為(wei)基礎實(shi)現(xian)超(chao)高(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)節能(neng)(neng)優化(hua)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)。

3、建筑給(gei)排水的應用

高層(ceng)建(jian)筑在(zai)(zai)(zai)運營過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)需(xu)消耗的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源以及建(jian)筑內部(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)配給水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)消耗的(de)能(neng)源，也(ye)是綠色建(jian)筑設(she)計中(zhong)(zhong)關注的(de)諸多重點之(zhi)一。供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源為城市供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網，其內部(bu)的(de)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力不(bu)小于(yu)(yu)0.30MPa，根據不(bu)同(tong)(tong)樓層(ceng)的(de)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)點高程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力需(xu)求，設(she)計者采(cai)用(yong)了(le)分(fen)(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)配水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)原(yuan)則，將整個建(jian)筑分(fen)(fen)(fen)為高、中(zhong)(zhong)、低(di)三大(da)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)系，并在(zai)(zai)(zai)地下室內設(she)置變頻(pin)(pin)加壓(ya)(ya)(ya)系統(tong)，對(dui)3個分(fen)(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)進行(xing)加壓(ya)(ya)(ya)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。通(tong)過分(fen)(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、變頻(pin)(pin)加壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等手段，保證(zheng)了(le)每個樓層(ceng)最(zui)不(bu)利出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)點的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力不(bu)小于(yu)(yu)0.10MPa、最(zui)低(di)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)點最(zui)大(da)靜水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力不(bu)大(da)于(yu)(yu)0.45MPa，同(tong)(tong)時，還在(zai)(zai)(zai)每處供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力大(da)于(yu)(yu)0.20MPa的(de)支管(guan)上安裝了(le)減壓(ya)(ya)(ya)閥，以避免管(guan)道(dao)內過高的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)對(dui)管(guan)道(dao)造(zao)成破壞(huai)。為了(le)減少建(jian)筑物衛生(sheng)器(qi)具的(de)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)，所(suo)(suo)有的(de)衛生(sheng)器(qi)具和配件均采(cai)用(yong)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)型設(she)備(bei)，其中(zhong)(zhong)，坐(zuo)便器(qi)為兩檔式水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)箱，總(zong)沖洗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)大(da)于(yu)(yu)6L。另外，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)性(xing)質的(de)給水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、熱水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統(tong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別設(she)置計量(liang)(liang)裝置，并按照不(bu)同(tong)(tong)功能(neng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)和用(yong)途設(she)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)表(biao)，冷卻塔(ta)補(bu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、公共洗浴用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、廚房(fang)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、空調集中(zhong)(zhong)補(bu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等單(dan)獨設(she)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)表(biao)計量(liang)(liang)，從(cong)而實現按付費(fei)或管(guan)理單(dan)元，統(tong)計用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)。

4、建筑機電系統設計(ji)

高層建(jian)筑內涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)較多(duo)，為達到節能與低碳環(huan)保(bao)的(de)(de)(de)發展要求，應(ying)盡可(ke)能地降(jiang)低機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)造成的(de)(de)(de)能源消耗。建(jian)筑給排水和(he)空調(diao)設(she)備(bei)作為重要的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)類型，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)頻率較高，建(jian)議(yi)采用(yong)(yong)變頻技(ji)術提高給排水和(he)空調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)效率，降(jiang)低資源消耗，比如建(jian)筑空調(diao)部(bu)分(fen)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)集中式空調(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，做好(hao)余(yu)(yu)熱的(de)(de)(de)回收，合(he)理設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)PAU余(yu)(yu)熱回收系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，將余(yu)(yu)熱回收再(zai)利用(yong)(yong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)是高層建(jian)筑中必(bi)不可(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)，為保(bao)障居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)正常出行(xing)(xing)(xing)，優化(hua)乘坐體驗(yan)感，在(zai)設(she)計電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)時，可(ke)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)碳纖(xian)維引繩(sheng)來(lai)提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)效率，同時設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)調(diao)節模式的(de)(de)(de)垂直(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)聯(lian)(lian)動(dong)(dong)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)，非聯(lian)(lian)動(dong)(dong)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)，居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)按下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)召喚鍵時，同樓(lou)層的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)會(hui)響應(ying)并停在(zai)居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)所(suo)在(zai)樓(lou)層；聯(lian)(lian)動(dong)(dong)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)，按下(xia)召喚鍵，兩(liang)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)中距離居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)最近的(de)(de)(de)一部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)會(hui)響應(ying)并停在(zai)該樓(lou)層。比如某小區一單元兩(liang)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)，共有8個單元，全部(bu)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)為聯(lian)(lian)動(dong)(dong)模式，可(ke)有效節約費(fei)用(yong)(yong)。

5、積極(ji)應用新型(xing)能源

新型能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)具有(you)環保(bao)與(yu)低能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)的(de)(de)應用(yong)優勢，廣泛被用(yong)于(yu)高層(ceng)建筑(zhu)中的(de)(de)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主要有(you)太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)作為(wei)清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，不會對(dui)環境造成(cheng)破壞，可用(yong)于(yu)高層(ceng)建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)水源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)加熱(re)、保(bao)溫(wen)、供(gong)暖(nuan)。風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)利用(yong)率很高，自然風(feng)(feng)可以進行降溫(wen)制(zhi)冷(leng)，季節交替或者晝(zhou)夜過(guo)渡時，可利用(yong)風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)供(gong)冷(leng)，將自然風(feng)(feng)送入壓縮機，達(da)到(dao)通風(feng)(feng)與(yu)蓄冷(leng)的(de)(de)效果(guo)，節約(yue)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)消耗(hao)，優化室內空(kong)氣質量。根(gen)據地域(yu)性特點確(que)定能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利用(yong)方式，比如北方地區應注重建筑(zhu)自身的(de)(de)保(bao)溫(wen)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，探尋可用(yong)于(yu)采暖(nuan)的(de)(de)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，減(jian)少煤炭燃(ran)燒(shao)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)二(er)氧(yang)化碳排放。