工業建筑設計的節能減碳措施

來源：建(jian)科 瀏覽：- 發布日期：2024-11-11 08:45:34

隨著我國節能減碳目標的提出，建筑節能成為工業建筑設計的重(zhong)要任務。工(gong)業建(jian)(jian)筑設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)應(ying)綜(zong)合考慮自然氣候(hou)條件、功能(neng)(neng)需求和生產工(gong)藝等因素，通過合理的空間(jian)布(bu)局和建(jian)(jian)筑形態設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，實(shi)現對能(neng)(neng)源資(zi)源的高效利用(yong)，實(shi)現工(gong)業建(jian)(jian)筑的可持(chi)續發展。近年(nian)來，工(gong)業建(jian)(jian)筑數量(liang)日益增多，但由于工(gong)業建(jian)(jian)筑與(yu)民(min)用(yong)建(jian)(jian)筑在(zai)生產工(gong)藝和設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)理念上存在(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)差異(yi)，導致(zhi)工(gong)業建(jian)(jian)筑在(zai)能(neng)(neng)源利用(yong)方面存在(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)問題。下面小編提出相應(ying)的節能(neng)(neng)減(jian)碳措施，希望為提高工(gong)業建(jian)(jian)筑節能(neng)(neng)減(jian)碳水(shui)平(ping)提供參考。

1、合理布局

合理布局(ju)是工(gong)業(ye)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的重要(yao)內容，也是節能(neng)減碳的主要(yao)途徑之(zhi)一(yi)。首先(xian)，在工(gong)業(ye)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)中(zhong)，應按照區域、功能(neng)、朝向(xiang)等方面對建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)空間進(jin)行(xing)合理劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)，遵循(xun)“合理、緊湊、連續”的原則進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)業(ye)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)布局(ju)。其次，工(gong)業(ye)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)應充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)考慮建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)周邊的環(huan)境(jing)因素，注重建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)周邊環(huan)境(jing)的關系。如廠區的綠化(hua)與(yu)美化(hua)、廠區道路與(yu)景觀(guan)等內容。再(zai)次，工(gong)業(ye)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)中(zhong)應充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)考慮室內采(cai)光問題，通過(guo)采(cai)用玻璃(li)幕墻、反射玻璃(li)等形式來提高建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)自然采(cai)光率(lv)。最后，工(gong)業(ye)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)應考慮到建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)問題。由于建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物使(shi)(shi)用年(nian)限和企業(ye)經營狀況存在一(yi)定差(cha)異(yi)性，因此(ci)在進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)業(ye)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時(shi)應充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)考慮到這一(yi)點。例如某企業(ye)廠房已建(jian)(jian)(jian)成10年(nian)，且已出(chu)現一(yi)定程度(du)的破損(sun)，因此(ci)應在原有設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方案基礎(chu)上進(jin)行(xing)節能(neng)減碳改造(zao)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，以延長其使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)。

2、優化結構

結(jie)構(gou)體(ti)系的(de)(de)選擇對于工業建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)節(jie)能(neng)減(jian)碳(tan)有重要影響。工業建筑(zhu)結(jie)構(gou)體(ti)系包括(kuo)建筑(zhu)單體(ti)和圍護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)。在建筑(zhu)單體(ti)的(de)(de)選擇上，應根據工業建筑(zhu)設計(ji)要求，在滿足使用功能(neng)的(de)(de)前提下，從建筑(zhu)物的(de)(de)幾何形態和平(ping)面布(bu)局入手，結(jie)合(he)節(jie)能(neng)減(jian)碳(tan)設計(ji)理念進行設計(ji)，使工業建筑(zhu)達到經濟(ji)、實(shi)用、安全(quan)等(deng)效果。

在圍護結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)選擇上，應(ying)結(jie)合(he)工業(ye)建筑(zhu)工程項目的(de)(de)功能需(xu)求(qiu)以及(ji)現(xian)場(chang)實際情況(kuang)進行(xing)分析，對(dui)圍護結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)選型和設(she)計進行(xing)合(he)理控制，避(bi)免(mian)因圍護結(jie)構(gou)選型不當而增加不必要(yao)的(de)(de)能耗。同時(shi)，對(dui)于一些(xie)需(xu)要(yao)較高(gao)熱工性能的(de)(de)工業(ye)建筑(zhu)項目來說，還(huan)應(ying)對(dui)其圍護結(jie)構(gou)進行(xing)節能減(jian)碳設(she)計。

此外，在優(you)化結(jie)構體系(xi)時(shi)應(ying)注重工業(ye)建筑(zhu)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)減碳與防(fang)火要(yao)求(qiu)的協調性(xing)。對于工業(ye)建筑(zhu)中出(chu)現的火災事故來(lai)說，防(fang)火是(shi)最(zui)大(da)的安(an)全問題。因此在優(you)化結(jie)構體系(xi)時(shi)應(ying)盡(jin)可能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證防(fang)火性(xing)能(neng)(neng)與節(jie)能(neng)(neng)減碳性(xing)能(neng)(neng)之間保(bao)持一致。

3、優化熱工

優(you)化熱(re)工主要是通過對(dui)(dui)熱(re)工分(fen)區、圍(wei)(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)等進(jin)行優(you)化，來提(ti)升建筑的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)隔熱(re)性能(neng)(neng)。當前，在(zai)工業建筑設計過程中，可將建筑圍(wei)(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)分(fen)為外(wai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)系(xi)(xi)統和(he)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)系(xi)(xi)統兩種。外(wai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)系(xi)(xi)統指(zhi)的(de)(de)是在(zai)室(shi)外(wai)溫(wen)(wen)度較低(di)(di)時(shi)，采用圍(wei)(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)作(zuo)為建筑的(de)(de)外(wai)圍(wei)(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)，實現對(dui)(dui)熱(re)量的(de)(de)反射和(he)傳導，達到(dao)降(jiang)低(di)(di)室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)溫(wen)(wen)度的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)；內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)系(xi)(xi)統指(zhi)的(de)(de)是在(zai)室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)溫(wen)(wen)度較高時(shi)，采用圍(wei)(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)作(zuo)為建筑的(de)(de)外(wai)圍(wei)(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)，通過向室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)散(san)發熱(re)量來實現降(jiang)低(di)(di)室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)溫(wen)(wen)度的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。相比較而(er)言(yan)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)系(xi)(xi)統在(zai)工業建筑設計中應用更加廣泛，不僅能(neng)(neng)夠提(ti)升圍(wei)(wei)護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)隔熱(re)性能(neng)(neng)，還能(neng)(neng)有(you)效降(jiang)低(di)(di)室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)采暖(nuan)、制冷(leng)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)，進(jin)而(er)達到(dao)降(jiang)低(di)(di)建筑能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。在(zai)工業建筑設計過程中，應根據實際(ji)情(qing)況合理選擇內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)系(xi)(xi)統和(he)外(wai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)系(xi)(xi)統。

4、優化采光

在工業(ye)(ye)建筑設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)合(he)理設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)采(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)口和天(tian)窗(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，充(chong)分利用(yong)(yong)(yong)自然光(guang)(guang)(guang)，在滿足(zu)生產(chan)需求的(de)前(qian)提下，降低(di)能耗。在工業(ye)(ye)建筑設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)通過(guo)以(yi)(yi)下幾個方(fang)面來優化(hua)采(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)：第一、合(he)理選擇(ze)窗(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)口。在工業(ye)(ye)建筑設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)盡量(liang)選擇(ze)采(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)口高(gao)(gao)、開(kai)口面積大的(de)窗(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)口。工業(ye)(ye)建筑的(de)采(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)口應(ying)(ying)(ying)盡量(liang)靠近天(tian)窗(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)位置，避免對窗(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)戶進行遮擋。此外(wai)，還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)通過(guo)安裝雙層(ceng)玻璃窗(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)來解決這一問題。第二(er)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)高(gao)(gao)透光(guang)(guang)(guang)材(cai)料作為(wei)采(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)口，既(ji)能夠減(jian)少(shao)太陽(yang)輻射熱(re)進入室內(nei)(nei)，也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)起到一定的(de)遮陽(yang)效果。第三、充(chong)分利用(yong)(yong)(yong)天(tian)窗(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)。在工業(ye)(ye)建筑設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)將天(tian)窗(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)到其他房間(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)天(tian)窗(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)來增加室內(nei)(nei)采(cai)(cai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面積。

5、優化通風

通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)是工(gong)(gong)業建筑中的重要設(she)計內(nei)容，通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)方(fang)式(shi)分為自(zi)然(ran)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)和(he)機(ji)械(xie)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)兩種。自(zi)然(ran)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)指利(li)用(yong)自(zi)然(ran)環境中的風(feng)(feng)(feng)來進行調節(jie)，將(jiang)室外新鮮空氣引入室內(nei)；機(ji)械(xie)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)是利(li)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)和(he)其他(ta)機(ji)械(xie)設(she)備使(shi)室內(nei)空氣流通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)業建筑設(she)計過程中，應選擇合適的自(zi)然(ran)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)方(fang)式(shi)，盡(jin)量減(jian)少機(ji)械(xie)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)的使(shi)用(yong)，使(shi)自(zi)然(ran)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)效果最大化。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實際設(she)計過程中，可(ke)根(gen)據(ju)不同(tong)的工(gong)(gong)業建筑類型和(he)生產工(gong)(gong)藝對(dui)自(zi)然(ran)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)方(fang)式(shi)進行選擇。如在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)金屬(shu)冶(ye)煉車間，可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)自(zi)然(ran)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)方(fang)式(shi)；在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)熱(re)處理(li)車間，可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)機(ji)械(xie)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)方(fang)式(shi)；在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)械(xie)加工(gong)(gong)車間，可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)自(zi)然(ran)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)與機(ji)械(xie)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)相結合的方(fang)式(shi)。

此外，還(huan)可結合建筑周(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)環(huan)境狀況和工(gong)(gong)業建筑生(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)藝來選(xuan)擇合適的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)風方式，如在廠房周(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)種植高大樹木等植物(wu)來遮擋空(kong)氣流動路徑，降(jiang)低廠房周(zhou)(zhou)圍的(de)(de)(de)溫度和濕度；對于空(kong)氣污染較大、粉(fen)塵較多的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產車間(jian)，應采取機械通風等措施來進行排(pai)風。

6、優化給排水

在工(gong)(gong)業(ye)建筑設(she)計中(zhong)，合(he)理(li)(li)設(she)置給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)徑、給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)布置方(fang)(fang)式(shi)、給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)井(jing)等(deng)，能(neng)夠(gou)有效(xiao)節約(yue)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源的(de)(de)浪費(fei)。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)建筑給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)及排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)宜(yi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鍍鋅鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)，并(bing)盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)地(di)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)塑料管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。在給(gei)(gei)(gei)(gei)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)布置時，應(ying)優先選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)能(neng)好、保溫性(xing)能(neng)高、耐(nai)腐蝕性(xing)能(neng)強(qiang)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)材和管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)，以(yi)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)材的(de)(de)更(geng)換次數(shu)及維修次數(shu)，同時也可(ke)以(yi)降低工(gong)(gong)人進(jin)行(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)材更(geng)換時的(de)(de)勞動強(qiang)度(du)。另外(wai)，工(gong)(gong)業(ye)建筑應(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)避免(mian)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)明溝排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，而是(shi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)暗(an)溝排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)暗(an)溝排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時可(ke)避免(mian)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)外(wai)泄對周圍(wei)環境造成污(wu)染。另外(wai)，工(gong)(gong)業(ye)建筑內應(ying)根據生產工(gong)(gong)藝要求(qiu)合(he)理(li)(li)設(she)置廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池、化(hua)糞池等(deng)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)設(she)施，并(bing)避免(mian)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)與雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)混(hun)合(he)排(pai)(pai)放。